This file documents the GNU make utility, which determines automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile them.

此第三版《自由软件，自由社会》（Free Software, Free Society）将第
二版的很多文章更新了，并加入了很多新文章，其中三分之一都是新文章。
与前几版一样，此书首先介绍了自由软件的原则和哲学。讲述了软件
为何必须自由，并解释了我们的原则是如何指导实践活动的，以及解决了
有关硬件自由设计的问题。
如何称呼以及对自由软件的框定会影响我们的思考。企业通过术语来
推广他们的理念，接受了相应术语也就支持了他们。因此，在这一版中，我
们加入了新的文章来讲解 FSF （自由软件基金会， Free Software Foundation）
是如何以及为什么这么称呼这些术语。
“版权” 这一部分节录了讨论版权相关法律问题的演讲，并说明如何修
改这些法律。
“专利” 这一部分设想了一个解决计算机领域专利问题的方案。我将专
利和版权分开讨论，是因为这两点是不能混淆在一起的。
“许可证” 这一部分大体并没有改变，依旧讲述了 GNU 的各个许可证，
还有 Brett Smith 讲述的各个许可证的历史变迁，并用一篇文章解释了为什
么软件项目必须升级到 GNU 通用公共许可证第三版。
这一版继续阐述自由软件社区需要面对和解决的各种危险和陷阱，包
括了当下的非自由游戏、电子书和持续威胁的电子监控。
我希望此书可以告诉你，我们很容易就会失去自由，教会你如何保护，
并启发你珍视自由。

The intersection of ethics, law, business and computer software is the subject of these essays and speeches by MacArthur Foundation Grant winner, Richard M. Stallman. This collection includes historical writings such as The GNU Manifesto, which defined and launched the activist Free Software Movement, along with new writings on hot topics in copyright, patent law, and the controversial issue of "trusted computing." Stallman takes a critical look at common abuses of copyright law and patents when applied to computer software programs, and how these abuses damage our entire society and remove our existing freedoms. He also discusses the social aspects of software and how free software can create community and social justice.
Given the current turmoil in copyright and patent laws, including the DMCA and proposed CBDTPA, these essays are more relevant than ever. Stallman tackles head-on the essential issues driving the current changes in copyright law. He argues that for creativity to flourish, software must be free of inappropriate and overly-broad legal constraints. Over the past twenty years his arguments and actions have changed the course of software history; this new book is sure to impact the future of software and legal policies in the years to come.
Lawrence Lessig, the author of two well-known books on similar topics, writes the introduction. He is a noted legal expert on copyright law and a Stanford Law School professor.

This manual provides a complete tutorial introduction to the GNU C and C++ compilers, gcc and g++.
Many books teach the C and C++ languages, this book teaches you how to use the compiler itself. All the common problems and error messages encountered by new users of GCC are carefully explained, with numerous easy-to-follow "Hello World" examples.
Topics covered include: compiling C and C++ programs using header files and libraries, warning options, use of the preprocessor, static and dynamic linking, debugging, optimization, platform-specific options, profiling and coverage testing, paths and environment variables, and the C++ standard library and templates.
Features a special foreword by Richard M. Stallman, principal developer of GCC and founder of the GNU Project.

此第三版《自由软件，自由社会》（Free Software, Free Society）将第二版的很多文章更新了，并加入了很多新文章，其中三分之一都是新文章。
与前几版一样，此书首先介绍了自由软件的原则和哲学。讲述了软件为何必须自由，并解释了我们的原则是如何指导实践活动的，以及解决了有关硬件自由设计的问题。
如何称呼以及对自由软件的框定会影响我们的思考。企业通过术语来推广他们的理念，接受了相应术语也就支持了他们。因此，在这一版中，我们加入了新的文章来讲解 FSF （自由软件基金会， Free Software Foundation）是如何以及为什么这么称呼这些术语。
“版权” 这一部分节录了讨论版权相关法律问题的演讲，并说明如何修改这些法律。
“专利” 这一部分设想了一个解决计算机领域专利问题的方案。我将专利和版权分开讨论，是因为这两点是不能混淆在一起的。
“许可证” 这一部分大体并没有改变，依旧讲述了 GNU 的各个许可证，还有 Brett Smith 讲述的各个许可证的历史变迁，并用一篇文章解释了为什么软件项目必须升级到 GNU 通用公共许可证第三版。
这一版继续阐述自由软件社区需要面对和解决的各种危险和陷阱，包括了当下的非自由游戏、电子书和持续威胁的电子监控。
我希望此书可以告诉你，我们很容易就会失去自由，教会你如何保护，并启发你珍视自由。

The GNU Debugger allows you to see what is going on "inside" a program while it executes - or what a program was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB supports C, C++, Java, Fortran and Assembly among other languages; it is also designed to work closely with the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
The GNU Debugger Program has four special features that helps you catch bugs in the act:
* It starts your program for you, specifying anything that might affect it's behavior.
* Makes your program stop under specified conditions.
* Examines what happened when the program stopped.
* Allows you to experiment with changes to see what effect they have on the program.
This book will show you:
* setting and clearing breakpoints
* examining the stack, source files and data
* examining the symbol table
* altering program execution
* specifying a target for debugging
* how to control the debugger
* how to use canned command sequences
* how to install GDB
* and much more!
This manual is written for programmers. It is designed so someone can begin utilizing GDB after just reading the first chapter, or read the whole manual and master the program. Synopsis of ideas and extensive examples are given.

The GNU Debugger allows you to see what is going on "inside" a program while it executes - or what a program was doing at the moment it crashed.

GNU Emacs is much more than a word processor; over the years it has expanded into and entire workflow environment. Programmers are impressed by its integrated debugging and project management features. Emacs is also a multi-lingual word processor, can handle all your email and Usenet news needs, display web pages, and even has a diary and a calendar for your appointments. When you tire of all the work you can accomplish with it, Emacs contains games to play.
Features include:
* Special editing modes for 25 programming languages including Java, Perl, C, C++, Objective C, Fortran, Lisp, Scheme, and Pascal.
* Special scripting language modes for Bash, other common shells, and creating Makefiles for GNU/Linux, Unix, Windows/DOS and VMS systems
* Support for typing and displaying in 21 non-English languages, including Chinese, Czech, Hindi, Hebrew, Russian, Vietnamese, and all Western European languages
* Creates Postscript output from plain text files and has special editing modes for LaTeX and TeX
* Compile and debug from inside Emacs
* Maintain extensive ChangeLogs
* Extensive file merge and diff functions
* Directory navigation: flag, move, and delete files and sub-directories recursively
* Run shell commands from inside Emacs, or even use Emacs as a shell itself (Eshell)
* Version control management for release and beta versions, with CVS and RCS integration.
* And much more!
This book picks up where the introductory on-line tutorial, available in several languages, included with Emacs, ends. It explains the full range of Emacs' power and contains reference material useful to expert users. Appendices with specific material for Macintosh and Microsoft OS users are included.

The definitive reference manual for the most widely used compiler in the world, written by the program's original author and its current developers. The GNU Compiler Collection is a full-featured ANSI C compiler with support for C, C++, Objective C, Java and Fortran as well as libraries for all these languages, such as libstdc++ and libgcj.
This book covers:
* The complete list of GCC command options.
* All the Objective-C runtime features.
* GCC support for C and C++ language standards.
* Extending C and C++ beyond the current standards.
* Special features of GCC's C, C++, and ObjC support.
* Fine tuning programs for your platform of choice.
This reference is intended for intermediate or above programmers. It assumes that the reader is already familiar with the basics of either C, C++ or Objective C languages. This edition of the book covers new features included with GCC version 3.3, while remaining compatible with earlier versions.

The intersection of ethics, law, business and computer software is the subject of these essays and speeches by MacArthur Foundation Grant winner, Richard M. Stallman. This collection includes historical writings such as The GNU Manifesto, which defined and launched the activist Free Software Movement, along with new writings on hot topics in copyright, patent law, and the controversial issue of "trusted computing." Stallman takes a critical look at common abuses of copyright law and patents when applied to computer software programs, and how these abuses damage our entire society and remove our existing freedoms. He also discusses the social aspects of software and how free software can create community and social justice. Given the current turmoil in copyright and patent laws, including the DMCA and proposed CBDTPA, these essays are more relevant than ever. Stallman tackles head-on the essential issues driving the current changes in copyright law. He argues that for creativity to flourish, software must be free of inappropriate and overly-broad legal constraints. Over the past twenty years his arguments and actions have changed the course of software history; this new book is sure to impact the future of software and legal policies in the years to come.
Lawrence Lessig, the author of two well-known books on similar topics, writes the introduction. He is a noted legal expert on copyright law and a Stanford Law School professor.