In 2071, roughly fifty years after an accident with a hyperspace gateway made the Earth almost uninhabitable, humanity has colonized most of the rocky planets and moons of the Solar System. Amid a rising crime rate, the Inter Solar System Police (ISSP) set up a legalized contract system, in which registered bounty hunters, also referred to as "Cowboys", chase criminals and bring them in alive in return for a reward.

年幼的爱力克兄弟十分思念去世的母亲，不惜触犯炼金术中最大的禁忌，进行了人体炼成。可是炼成失败了，哥哥爱德华失去了左腿与右臂，弟弟阿尔冯斯失去了肉体，只能把灵魂附身在一副铠甲上。为了偿还他们自己的罪，找回失去的一切，兄弟二人踏上了寻找传说中的“贤者之石”的旅程。
几年后，一位右臂与左腿都是由“机械铠甲”替代的国家炼金术士出现在人们的眼前，他被称作“钢之炼金术师”。