An astonishing work of cultural criticism, this book is widely recognized as a brilliant and devastating challenge to conventional views of literature, anthropology, religion, and psychoanalysis. In its scope and itnerest it can be compared with Freud's "Totem and Taboo, the subtext Girard refutes with polemic daring, vast erudition, and a persuasiveness that leaves the reader compelled to respond, one way or another. This is the single fullest summation of Girard's ideas to date, the book by which they will stand or fall. In a dialogue with two psychiatrists (Jean-Michel Oughourlian and Guy Lefort), Girard probes an encyclopedic array of topics, ranging across the entire spectrum of anthropology, psychoanalysis, and cultural production. Girard's point o departure is what he calles "mimesis," the conflict that arises when human rivals compete to differentiate themselves from each other, yet succeed only in becoming more and more alike. At certain points in the life of a society, according to Girard, this mimetic conflict erupts into a crisis in which all difference dissolves in indiscriminate violence. In primitive societies, such crises were resolved by the "scapegoating mechanism," in which the community, en masse, turned on an unpremeditated victim. The repression of this collective murder and its repetition in ritual sacrifice then formed the foundations of both religion and the restored social order. How does Christianity, at once the most "sacrificial" of religions and a faith with a non-violent ideology, fit into this scheme? Girard grants Freud's point, in "Totem and Taboo, that Christianity is similar to primitive religion, but only to refute Freud--if Christ is sacrificed, Girard argues, it is not becuase God willed it, but becaus ehuman beings "wanted it. The book is not merely, or perhaps not mainly, biblical exegesis, for within its scope fall some of the most vexing problems of social history--the paradox that violance has social efficacy, the function of the scapegoat, the mechanism of anti-semitism.

本書論述中國造紙術、火藥術的發明、科學代表作《本草綱目》及《天工開物》在全世界的傳播和影響；討論西方科學知識、技術術語和科學著作在中國的傳播和影響；又介紹中西互相翻譯對方科學著作的具體情況；中、日兩國之間的科學交流,亦有專章論述。

Since it opened in May 1889, the Eiffel Tower has
been an iconic image of modern times—as much a beacon
of technological progress as an enduring symbol
of Paris and French culture. But as engineer Gustave
Eiffel built the now-famous landmark to be the spectacular
centerpiece of the 1889 World’s Fair, he stirred
up a storm of vitriol from Parisian tastemakers, lawsuits,
and predictions of certain structural calamity.
In Eiffel’s Tower, Jill Jonnes, critically acclaimed
author of Conquering Gotham, presents a compelling
account of the tower’s creation and a superb portrait
of Belle Epoque France. As Eiffel held court that summer
atop his one-thousand-foot tower, a remarkable
host of artists and personalities—Buffalo Bill, Annie
Oakley, Gauguin, Whistler, and Edison—traveled to
Paris and the Exposition Universelle to mingle and
make their mark.
Like The Devil in the White City, Brunelleschi’s
Dome, and David McCullough’s accounts of the building
of the Panama Canal and the Brooklyn Bridge,
Eiffel’s Tower combines technological and social history
and biography to create a richly textured portrayal of
an age of aspiration, dreams, and progress.

The conceptual history of cognitive science remains for the most part unwritten. In this groundbreaking book, Jean-Pierre Dupuy--one of the principal architects of cognitive science in France--provides an important chapter: the legacy of cybernetics. Contrary to popular belief, Dupuy argues, cybernetics represented not the anthropomorphization of the machine but the mechanization of the human. The founding fathers of cybernetics--some of the greatest minds of the twentieth century, including John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, and Walter Pitts--intended to construct a materialist and mechanistic science of mental behavior that would make it possible at last to resolve the ancient philosophical problem of mind and matter. The importance of cybernetics to cognitive science, Dupuy argues, lies not in its daring conception of the human mind in terms of the functioning of a machine but in the way the strengths and weaknesses of the cybernetics approach can illuminate controversies that rage today--between cognitivists and connectionists, eliminative materialists and Wittgensteinians, functionalists and anti-reductionists. Dupuy brings to life the intellectual excitement that attended the birth of cognitive science sixty years ago. He separates the promise of cybernetic ideas from the disappointment that followed as cybernetics was rejected and consigned to intellectual oblivion. The mechanization of the mind has reemerged today as an all-encompassing paradigm in the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science. The tensions, contradictions, paradoxes, and confusions Dupuy discerns in cybernetics offer a cautionary tale for future developments in cognitive science.

By examining in detail the material life of pre-industrial people around the world, Fernand Braudel significantly changed the way historians view their subject. Volume I describes food and drink, dress and housing, demography and family structure, energy and technology, money and credit, and the growth of towns.

Personnage ambigu, Joseph Joanovici fut pour certains un criminel, pour d’autres un héros. Fabien Nury et Sylvain Vallée décrivent sans fards ni parti pris ces heures sombres de notre Histoire…Il était une fois en France conte l’histoire de JOSEPH JOANOVICI, juif roumain devenu l’homme le plus riche de France pendant l’occupation. Ferrailleur, collabo, résistant, il fut pour certain un criminel, pour d’autres un héros. C’est le cheminement de ce personnage ambigu baptisé le “roi de Paris” par ceux qui ont croisé sa route, que relate avec justesse cette saga au thème délicat. “Monsieur JOSEPH” se confie sur son lit de mort aux côtés de LUCIE-FER, celle qui fut sa plus fidèle compagne. Intelligence avec l’ennemi, corruption de fonctionnaires, contrebande, enrichissement personnel et même meurtre seront reprochés à la Libération à celui qui possédait pendant l’occupation un appartement en plein coeur de la préfecture de police. Portant fièrement la rosette de la résistance, JOSEPH reçoit les plus huppés du Tout-Paris, alors que de sombres nuages annoncent la fin de son règne…

From a leading scholar of our country’s foreign policy, the brilliant essay about America and the world that has caused a storm in international circles now expanded into book form.
European leaders, increasingly disturbed by U.S. policy and actions abroad, feel they are headed for what the New York Times (July 21, 2002) describes as a “moment of truth.” After years of mutual resentment and tension, there is a sudden recognition that the real interests of America and its allies are diverging sharply and that the trans-atlantic relationship itself has changed, possibly irreversibly. Europe sees the United States as high-handed, unilateralist, and unnecessarily belligerent; the United States sees Europe as spent, unserious, and weak. The anger and mistrust on both sides are hardening into incomprehension.
This past summer, in Policy Review, Robert Kagan reached incisively into this impasse to force both sides to see themselves through the eyes of the other. Tracing the widely differing histories of Europe and America since the end of World War II, he makes clear how for one the need to escape a bloody past has led to a new set of transnational beliefs about power and threat, while the other has perforce evolved into the guarantor of that “postmodern paradise” by dint of its might and global reach. This remarkable analysis is being discussed from Washington to Paris to Tokyo. It is esssential reading.

在线阅读本书
THE SEMINAL WORK ON FOREIGN POLICY AND THE ART OF DIPLOMACY Moving from a sweeping overview of history to blow-by-blow accounts of his negotiations with world leaders, Henry Kissinger describes how the art of diplomacy has created the world in which we live, and how America's approach to foreign affairs has always differed vastly from that of other nations. Brilliant, controversial, and profoundly incisive, Diplomacy stands as the culmination of a lifetime of diplomatic service and scholarship. It is vital reading for anyone concerned with the forces that have shaped our world today and will impact upon it tomorrow.