人類之所以成為萬物之靈，大腦可說是居功厥偉，它使人類與動物在智慧上產生差異，然而人腦的大小與智力商數的相關卻只有○‧三，亦即僅百分之九的IQ可以用腦大小來解釋，並非一般人想像的重要。大腦究竟與聰明才智有何關係？而它又是如何演化來的？
作者歐門博士專事大腦演化研究逾三十年，本書結合目前所知最複雜的組織系統--大腦，以及最具高度智慧挑戰的知識--演化，連同遺傳發展法則、地質歷史、動物生態、解剖和生理學等學科進行多面性的探究，從靈長目在視覺方面的成就，探查視網膜上的視覺影像是如何在牠們的腦中轉換成神經訊號。此外，當面對可能威脅生存的有害環境變遷時，大腦正是可使生物免受衝擊的緩衝物之一。歐門博士透過分析生物體結構的變異過程來了解大腦演化，可說是了解生命本質的關鍵所在。

《无穷的开始》是一次大胆的、包罗万象的智力探险。戴维·多伊奇探索那些使我们理解现实世界怎样运转的重大问题。《真实世界的脉络》描述了我们当前知识中最深刻的4条支线——进化、量子物理学、知识和运算，以及它们带来的世界观。《无穷的开始》将这种世界观应用于许多不同的话题和未解问题，涉及到自由意志、创造力与自然规律、人类的未来与起源、现实与表象、解释与无穷。
多伊奇秉持坚定的理性和乐观态度，对人类选择、科学解释和文化进化的性质得出了惊人的新结论。他的立场并非来自充满希望的格言，而来自关于现实世界怎样运转的事实。他的核心结论是，“解释”在宇宙中有着基础性的地位。解释的范围和造成改变的能力是无穷无尽的。它们唯一的创造者——诸如人类这样能够思考的生物——是宇宙万物中最重要的实体。一切事物都在理性的延伸范围内，不仅是科学和数学，还有道德哲学、政治哲学和美学。在通用物理规律允许的情况下，进步没有限制。

All of life is a game and evolution by natural selection is no exception. The evolutionary game theory developed in this book provides the tools necessary for understanding many of nature’s mysteries, including co-evolution, speciation, extinction and the major biological questions regarding fit of form and function, diversity, procession, and the distribution and abundance of life. Mathematics for the evolutionary game are developed based on Darwin's postulates leading to the concept of a fitness generating function (G-function). G-function is a tool that simplifies notation and plays an important role developing Darwinian dynamics that drive natural selection. Natural selection may result in special outcomes such as the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). An ESS maximum principle is formulated and its graphical representation as an adaptive landscape illuminates concepts such as adaptation, Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, and the nature of life’s evolutionary game.

Blending the spirit of "Eats, Shoots and Leaves" with the science of "The Language Instinct," an original inquiry into the development of that most essential-and mysterious-of human creations: Language Language is mankind's greatest invention-except, of course, that it was never invented." So begins linguist Guy Deutscher's enthralling investigation into the genesis and evolution of language. If we started off with rudimentary utterances on the level of "man throw spear," how did we end up with sophisticated grammars, enormous vocabularies, and intricately nuanced degrees of meaning? Drawing on recent groundbreaking discoveries in modern linguistics, Deutscher exposes the elusive forces of creation at work in human communication, giving us fresh insight into how language emerges, evolves, and decays. He traces the evolution of linguistic complexity from an early "Me Tarzan" stage to such elaborate single-word constructions as the Turkish "sehirlilestiremediklerimizdensiniz" ("you are one of those whom we couldn't turn into a town dweller"). Arguing that destruction and creation in language are intimately entwined, Deutscher shows how these processes are continuously in operation, generating new words, new structures, and new meanings. As entertaining as it is erudite, "The Unfolding of Language" moves nimbly from ancient Babylonian to American idiom, from the central role of metaphor to the staggering triumph of design that is the Semitic verb, to tell the dramatic story and explain the genius behind a uniquely human faculty.

How did the biological, brain and behavioural structures underlying human language evolve? When, why and where did our ancestors become linguistic animals, and what has happened since? This book provides a clear, comprehensive but lively introduction to these interdisciplinary debates. Written in an approachable style, it cuts through the complex, sometimes contradictory and often obscure technical languages used in the different scientific disciplines involved in the study of linguistic evolution. Assuming no background knowledge in these disciplines, the book outlines the physical and neurological structures underlying language systems, and the limits of our knowledge concerning their evolution. Discussion questions and further reading lists encourage students to explore the primary literature further, and the final chapter demonstrates that while many questions still remain unanswered, there is a growing consensus as to how modern human languages have arisen as systems by the interplay of evolved structures and cultural transmission.

At a time of unprecedented expansion in the life sciences, evolution is the one theory that transcends all of biology. Any observation of a living system must ultimately be interpreted in the context of its evolution. Evolutionary change is the consequence of mutation and natural selection, which are two concepts that can be described by mathematical equations.Evolutionary Dynamics is concerned with these equations of life. In this book, Martin Nowak draws on the languages of biology and mathematics to outline the mathematical principles according to which life evolves. His work introduces readers to the powerful yet simple laws that govern the evolution of living systems, no matter how complicated they might seem.
Evolution has become a mathematical theory, Nowak suggests, and any idea of an evolutionary process or mechanism should be studied in the context of the mathematical equations of evolutionary dynamics. His book presents a range of analytical tools that can be used to this end: fitness landscapes, mutation matrices, genomic sequence space, random drift, quasispecies, replicators, the Prisoner's Dilemma, games in finite and infinite populations, evolutionary graph theory, games on grids, evolutionary kaleidoscopes, fractals, and spatial chaos. Nowak then shows how evolutionary dynamics applies to critical real-world problems, including the progression of viral diseases such as AIDS, the virulence of infectious agents, the unpredictable mutations that lead to cancer, the evolution of altruism, and even the evolution of human language. His book makes a clear and compelling case for understanding every living system--and everything that arises as a consequence of living systems--in terms of evolutionary dynamics.

The work reported in this monograph was begun in the winter of 1967 in a graduate seminar at Berkeley. Many of the basic data were gathered by members of the seminar and the theoretical framework presented here was initially developed in the context of the seminar discussions. Much has been discovered since 1969, the date of original publication, regarding the psychophysical and neurophysical determinants of universal, cross-linguistic constraints on the shape of basic color lexicons, and something, albeit less, can now also be said with some confidence regarding the constraining effects of these language-independent processes of color perception and conceptualization on the direction of evolution of basic color term lexicons.

This book investigates the nature of human language and its importance for the study of the mind. In particular, it examines current work on the biology of language. Lyle Jenkins reviews the evidence that language is best characterized by a generative grammar of the kind introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s and developed in various directions since that time. He then discusses research into the development of language which tries to capture both the underlying universality of human language, as well as the diversity found in individual languages (Universal Grammar). Finally, he discusses a variety of approaches to language design and the evolution of language. An important theme is the integration of biolinguistics into the natural sciences - the 'unification problem'. Jenkins also answers criticisms of the biolinguistic approach from a number of other perspectives, including evolutionary psychology, cognitive science, connectionism and ape language research, among others.

Tool-making or culture, language or religious belief: ever since Darwin, thinkers have struggled to identify what fundamentally differentiates human beings from other animals. In this much-anticipated book, Michael Tomasello weaves his twenty years of comparative studies of humans and great apes into a compelling argument that cooperative social interaction is the key to our cognitive uniqueness. Once our ancestors learned to put their heads together with others to pursue shared goals, humankind was on an evolutionary path all its own.

Tomasello argues that our prehuman ancestors, like today's great apes, were social beings who could solve problems by thinking. But they were almost entirely competitive, aiming only at their individual goals. As ecological changes forced them into more cooperative living arrangements, early humans had to coordinate their actions and communicate their thoughts with collaborative partners. Tomasello's "shared intentionality hypothesis" captures how these more socially complex forms of life led to more conceptually complex forms of thinking. In order to survive, humans had to learn to see the world from multiple social perspectives, to draw socially recursive inferences, and to monitor their own thinking via the normative standards of the group. Even language and culture arose from the preexisting need to work together. What differentiates us most from other great apes, Tomasello proposes, are the new forms of thinking engendered by our new forms of collaborative and communicative interaction.

A Natural History of Human Thinking is the most detailed scientific analysis to date of the connection between human sociality and cognition.

Biolinguistics involves the study of language from a broad perspective that embraces natural sciences, helping us better to understand the fundamentals of the faculty of language. This Handbook offers the most comprehensive state-of-the-field survey of the subject available. A team of prominent scholars working in a variety of disciplines is brought together to examine language development, language evolution and neuroscience, as well as providing overviews of the conceptual landscape of the field. The Handbook includes work at the forefront of contemporary research devoted to the evidence for a language instinct, the critical period hypothesis, grammatical maturation, bilingualism, the relation between mind and brain and the role of natural selection in language evolution. It will be welcomed by graduate students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, including linguistics, evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

人类是自然界中的奇迹。尽管在许多方面与其他哺乳动物相似，特定的行为却让人类与众不同。无与伦比的适应力让我们占据了陆地上几乎所有的栖息地，我们的社会更加庞大而复杂，也比任何其他哺乳动物的更具团结性。在《基因之外》中，彼得·里克森和罗伯特·博伊德论证了只有文化演化的达尔文理论才能够解释这些独一无二的特征。
《基因之外》提出了有关人类演化的根本性解释，论证了我们的生态优势和非凡的社会体系源于为适应复杂文化而产生的心理机制。里克森和博伊德认为，文化对人类的适应性至关重要，和用双足行走一样属于人类生物学范畴。通过引用人类学、政治学、社会学和经济学的田野研究，里克森和博伊德有力地展示了文化与生物学之间密不可分的联系。
* * * * * *
“里克森和博伊德努力展示了他们独创的有关文化演化理论的核心要义，同时揭示此要义对于研究人类行为的意义，令人陶醉其中并得到启发……这是一本充满智慧的著作，逻辑严谨、表述清晰。”——罗宾·邓巴，《自然》

编辑推荐
我们为什么喜爱鸟类？因为它们美丽、活泼，还会飞翔。而塑造鸟类每一项特质——也许除了鸣唱之外——都离不开鸟类独特的皮肤衍生物，羽毛。我们欣赏鸟类的美丽，其实就是在欣赏鸟类的羽衣；我们惊叹于鸟类的飞翔，羽毛也居功至伟；我们看到鸟类分布于从赤道到极地、从海洋到雪山的各个生境，这样的适应性也很大程度上要归功于各式各样的羽毛。更进一步，鸟和鸟的羽毛从人类文明之始就渗入到人类的生活和文化。这一切都是如何发生的？托尔·汉森带领读者在本书中一探究竟。
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内容简介
羽毛是演化中的奇迹，它涉及空气动力学、绝热、欺骗和引诱。它的起源可以追溯到10亿年前，然而有关它的故事，却尚未完整地呈现给读者。本书中，生物学家托尔•汉森详尽地搜罗了自然史中关于羽毛的故事，在演化的历史时空里，羽毛被用来飞翔、保护、吸引和装饰。在综合了古生物学家、鸟类学家、生物学家、工程学家甚至艺术史家的研究成果后，作者给出了一个问题：羽毛是什么？它们是如何演化而来的？对我们来说有什么意义？
工程师将羽毛视为目前发现的最有效率的隔热材料，而且它们还是生物学上不断争论的根本所在。羽毛不仅让猫头鹰飞起来悄然无声，而且能让企鹅在冰面上保持干燥。它们还被女王、弄臣和神职人员用来作为身上的装饰，以及用在从宪法文书到小说的页面装饰。而书中要探究的就是这些美丽而吸引人的羽毛。
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前言
是秃鹫让我写的。现在每当人们问起我这本书的时候，我总是抛出这个答案。多年以前在肯尼亚进行一项科研项目的时候，正是秃鹫激发了我对羽毛的最初兴趣。看着这些大鸟围着一具尸体争吵嘶叫，我想到的是，它们的羽毛（以及缺少羽毛的部分）是如此完美地适合于它们的生活方式。它们光秃秃的头颈生来就能更爽利地取食，还能进行热量调节：在白天炎热时长长地伸出来散热，而到夜晚又缩回那奢华的羽绒衣领里去。它们黑色的体羽既能阻挡细菌，又能吸收非洲烈日的热量，让它们在寒冷的高空中盘旋搜寻猎物时保持体温。
秃鹫启发了我对羽毛的思索，自此我就从未停止过思索。我见过有些鹟和夜鹰长出超过它们体长三倍的繁殖羽，我见过企鹅一头扎入浮冰之下，一身柔滑的外套为它们提供舒适的防水保护。我曾在气温低于零度的夜晚蜷缩进鹅绒睡袋里，而就在我身边，我的研究对象，小小的戴菊抖开羽毛抵抗冰冷的寒风，完美地保暖。我曾在恐龙化石中寻觅羽毛状结构的踪迹，并在飞行器里、鱼饵上、维多利亚式的帽子上、羽毛球上、箭翎以及古秘鲁的艺术品里面发现了它们。正如鸟类学家弗兰克·基尔在他的经典教材《鸟类学》（Ornithology）中所评论的，“羽毛的细节自古就令生物学家着迷，这可是个大话题。”这也真够写本书了，我经常这么想，不过那需要另一只秃鹫来敦促我动手了。
需要解释一下，作为一名野外生物学家，我从来不缺乏要研究的对象或是要撰写的话题，因为自然界的万物都很有得写。如果有哪次我出野外却并不着迷、不激动，那一定意味着我是心不在焉的。有些人觉得跟我一起徒步是极痛苦的事情，因为我不断地分心：鸟巢、蝴蝶、地衣、蚁丘、土质、虫迹、岩石—各种你能想到的东西。在家里，我的妻子伊莉莎容忍了塞进冰柜里的田鼠和鸣禽尸体；满满一冰箱的植物标本；还有一箱箱不知名的蜜蜂、陈年的骨骼以及猫头鹰的头；甚至还有满满一大罐子各种有趣的蛆虫。（我们的孩子诺亚也很包容，只是他还不知道除此以外还有别的天地！）我是个彻头彻尾充满好奇心的人，找到我的兴趣点可不是什么难事儿，要把兴趣点缩减下来才是个挑战呢！

生命最伟大的奇观体现在单个细胞(受精卵)发育成数十亿乃至数万亿个细胞而组建动物的过程。长久以来，科学家们就知道，要是能够阐明胚胎中形态和模式图案如何出现的话，他们就能够清楚地理解今天令人惊叹的动物界的多样性是怎样从5亿年前的原始形态演化而来的。在《无尽之形最美(动物建造和演化的奥秘)》中，著名生物学家肖恩·卡罗尔，演化发育生物学开创者之一，为广大读者打开了令人振奋的崭新生物学分支一一演化发育生物学的黑匣子，展示了这场令人叹为观止的科学革命。书中详细叙述了各种各样的动物，包括我们人类本身是如何建造的以及它们的分子遗传基础。《无尽之形最美(动物建造和演化的奥秘)》的英文版出版后获得一致好评，荣获多项奖励，如美国《发现》杂志和《今日美国》报等的科技图书年度奖。

A brilliant book celebrating improbability as the engine that drives life, by the acclaimed author of The Selfish Gene and The Blind Watchmaker. The human eye is so complex and works so precisely that surely, one might believe, its current shape and function must be the product of design. How could such an intricate object have come about by chance? Tackling this subject--in writing that the New York Times called "a masterpiece"--Richard Dawkins builds a carefully reasoned and lovingly illustrated argument for evolutionary adaptation as the mechanism for life on earth. The metaphor of Mount Improbable represents the combination of perfection and improbability that is epitomized in the seemingly "designed" complexity of living things. Dawkins skillfully guides the reader on a breathtaking journey through the mountain's passes and up its many peaks to demonstrate that following the improbable path to perfection takes time. Evocative illustrations accompany Dawkins's eloquent descriptions of extraordinary adaptations such as the teeming populations of figs, the intricate silken world of spiders, and the evolution of wings on the bodies of flightless animals. And through it all runs the thread of DNA, the molecule of life, responsible for its own destiny on an unending pilgrimage through time. Climbing Mount Improbable is a book of great impact and skill, written by the most prominent Darwinian of our age.

这本科学家撰写的散文杰作，收集了古尔德在《自然史》杂志上发表的科学随想。作者在哈佛大学教生物学，是科学内行，又有历史家的眼光。他提出了一个问题：达尔文在确立了进化论之后，为什么迟了20年才发表？古尔德说，这是因为他清楚进化论的含义比一般人所意识到的更为离经叛道。

英国皇家海军“小猎犬”号是一艘“切罗基”级10炮双桅帆船，于1820年5月11日下水。这艘军舰在建成之初并没太大用武之地，后被改装为三桅考察帆船。1831年，年轻的查尔斯·达尔文先生登船参加了它的第二次考察之旅，之后他出版的这部《“小猎犬”号科学考察记》使得这艘船蜚声全球，名垂青史。
“小猎犬”号的成名，只是从侧面说明了这次考察的重要性。对于达尔文先生本人来说，更是意义重大：通过这次旅行，达尔文远离固步自封的“文明”社会，投入到一个真实的新世界；他一边仔细地收集事实，一边对这些事实进行理论讨论——当时真正能做到这一步的人是不多的。所以说，“小猎犬”号之旅使达尔文完成了一次卓越的蜕变，他变成了一个独立思考的、富有冒险精神的科学家，一个敢于接受物种演变“异端思想”的科学伟人。
“　　小猎犬”号这次著名旅程的点点滴滴被达尔文先生细致而有条理地记录在了这本《“小猎犬”号科学考察记》里，达尔文先生的诸多著名发现和重要证据被收录进了本书后的《“小猎犬”号科学考察动物志》。就请广大读者随这部意义非凡的科学名著，重温达尔文先生的那次改变人类文明的发现之旅吧！

In 2008, a Gallup poll showed that 44 percent of Americans believed God had created man in his present form within the last 10,000 years. In a Pew Forum poll in the same year, 42 percent believed that all life on earth has existed in its present form since the beginning of time. In 1859 Charles Darwin's masterpiece, On the Origin of Species , shook society to its core. Darwin was only too aware of the storm his theory of evolution would provoke. But he surely would have raised an incredulous eyebrow at the controversy still raging a century and a half later. Evolution is accepted as scientific fact by all reputable scientists and indeed theologians, yet millions of people continue to question its veracity. Now the author of the iconic work The God Delusion takes them to task. The Greatest Show on Earth is a stunning counterattack on advocates of "Intelligent Design," explaining the evidence for evolution while exposing the absurdities of the creationist "argument." Dawkins sifts through rich layers of scientific evidence: from living examples of natural selection to clues in the fossil record; from natural clocks that mark the vast epochs wherein evolution ran its course to the intricacies of developing embryos; from plate tectonics to molecular genetics. Combining these elements and many more, he makes the airtight case that "we find ourselves perched on one tiny twig in the midst of a blossoming and flourishing tree of life and it is no accident, but the direct consequence of evolution by non-random selection." The Greatest Show on Earth comes at a critical time: systematic opposition to the fact of evolution is menacing as never before. In American schools, and in schools around the world, insidious attempts are made to undermine the status of science in the classroom. Dawkins wields a devastating argument against this ignorance, but his unjaded passion for the natural world turns what might have been a negative argument into a positive offering to the reader: nothing less than a master's vision of life, in all its splendor.

Ever since the origins of both linguistics and evolutionary biology in the 19th century, scholars have noted the similarity between biological evolution and language change. Yet until recently neither linguists nor biologists have developed a model of evolution to apply across the two fields. Explaining Language Change presents the first integrated theory of all aspects of language change which builds on the pioneering ideas of Richard Dawkins and David Hull in biology and philosophy of science. It provides a framework for assessing current theories and advances new ideas about grammatical reanalysis, conventional and non-conventional use of language, the structure of speech communities, language mixing, and the notion of 'progress' in language change. This is an important new study which reintegrates sociolinguistics and historical linguistics and weaves together research on grammatical change, pragmatics, social variation, language contact and genetic linguistics.

The way language as a human faculty has evolved is a question that preoccupies researchers from a wide spread of disciplines. In this 2009 book, a team of writers has been brought together to examine the evolution of language from a variety of such standpoints, including language's genetic basis, the anthropological context of its appearance, its formal structure, its relation to systems of cognition and thought, as well as its possible evolutionary antecedents. The book includes Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch's seminal and provocative essay on the subject, 'The Faculty of Language,' and charts the progress of research in this active and highly controversial field since its publication in 2002. This timely volume will be welcomed by researchers and students in a number of disciplines, including linguistics, evolutionary biology, psychology, and cognitive science.

In The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution, sixty leading scholars present critical accounts of every aspect of the field. The Volume's five parts are devoted to insights from comparative animal behaviour; the biology of language evolution (anatomy, genetics, and neurology); the prehistory of language (when and why did language evolve?); the development of a linguistic species; and language creation, transmission, and change. Research on language evolution has burgeoned over the last three decades. Interdisciplinary activity has produced fundamental advances in the understanding of language evolution and in human and primate evolution more generally. This book presents a wide-ranging summation of work in all the disciplines involved. It highlights the links in different lines of research, shows what has been achieved to date, and considers the most promising directions for future work. The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution will be valued by everyone interested in one of the most productive and fascinating fields in natural and cognitive science.